Pinealon

Pinealon Peptide (EDR) – Neuroprotection, Cognitive & Cellular Aging Research

Glu–Asp–Arg Tripeptide for Neuronal Oxidative Stress, DNA–Peptide Interactions, Synaptic Plasticity & Experimental Neurobiology

Pinealon, also known as EDR peptide, is a synthetic tripeptide consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine.

It belongs to a group of short peptides investigated in bioregulation, neurobiology and experimental aging research.

Pinealon has attracted scientific interest because of its reported effects in selected laboratory models involving neuronal oxidative stress, cell survival, gene-associated signaling and synaptic structure.

Its principal research areas include:

• Neuronal cell biology

• Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species

• Experimental neuroprotection

• DNA–peptide interactions

• Chromatin-associated molecular research

• Gene expression regulation

• Neuronal apoptosis and cell survival

• Synaptic plasticity

• Dendritic spine morphology

• Experimental cognitive research

• Neurodegeneration-related cellular models

• Age-associated neuronal changes

• Peptide bioregulation

Pinealon is a biologically interesting research compound, but its mechanism of action is not fully established.

Most directly relevant experimental evidence comes from cell-based studies and animal models.

Limited clinical observations have been described in the literature, but independently replicated, well-controlled human trials establishing efficacy and safety are lacking.

Pinealon is not an approved human therapeutic drug.

ICAME Pharmacy Pinealon is intended strictly for laboratory research and development purposes.

FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY — NOT FOR HUMAN OR VETERINARY USE.

What Is Pinealon?

Pinealon is an ultrashort synthetic peptide with the amino acid sequence:

Glu–Asp–Arg

The corresponding one-letter sequence is:

EDR

Its three constituent amino acids are:

Glutamic Acid (E)

Aspartic Acid (D)

Arginine (R)

Pinealon has been studied primarily within the short-peptide bioregulation research tradition associated with Vladimir Khavinson and collaborators.

This research investigates whether small peptides can influence cellular responses and gene-associated processes.

Pinealon has been examined in models involving neuronal injury, oxidative stress and cellular aging.

However, the biological effects reported for Pinealon are model-dependent.

A result observed in cultured neurons does not necessarily predict an effect in the human brain.

Pinealon Molecular Structure

Pinealon is a linear tripeptide composed of three amino acid residues joined by two peptide bonds.

Molecular Characteristics

These molecular characteristics describe the unmodified free peptide.

Products containing counterions or other formulation components may have a different total material mass.

Pinealon Amino Acid Sequence

The amino acid sequence of Pinealon is:

H-Glu-Asp-Arg-OH

Amino Acid Composition

The N-terminal residue is glutamic acid.

Aspartic acid occupies the central position.

Arginine forms the C-terminal residue.

Structural Characteristics

Short linear peptide backbone

Two peptide bonds

Acidic side chains from glutamic acid and aspartic acid

Basic guanidinium group from arginine

Multiple hydrogen-bonding sites

Ionizable functional groups

These properties are relevant to investigations of molecular interactions and peptide behavior in aqueous biological systems.

Why Is the EDR Sequence Important?

The amino acid sequence of a peptide influences its chemical properties and potential molecular interactions.

Pinealon contains two acidic residues followed by one basic residue.

This combination produces a small, highly polar molecule with several ionizable groups.

Potential Molecular Research Areas

Hydrogen bonding

Electrostatic interactions

Peptide–protein interactions

DNA-associated binding models

Chromatin interaction studies

Cellular uptake investigations

Molecular docking

However, chemical plausibility does not establish that Pinealon reaches a particular intracellular target under physiological conditions.

Direct experimental evidence is required.

Scientific Background of Pinealon

Pinealon is associated with research into short synthetic peptide bioregulators.

This research program has examined small peptide sequences and their possible influence on cellular function.

Pinealon has been discussed in connection with peptide fractions identified during research involving complex tissue-derived preparations.

However, a purified synthetic EDR tripeptide is not equivalent to a complex tissue extract.

Biological findings involving multi-component preparations cannot automatically be attributed to Pinealon alone.

Main Research Themes

Neuronal survival

Oxidative stress responses

Cellular signaling

Gene-associated regulation

Age-related neuronal biology

Experimental learning and memory

Neurodegeneration-associated cellular models

The evidence supporting these areas varies considerably.

How Does Pinealon Work?

The precise molecular mechanism of Pinealon has not been conclusively established.

Researchers have proposed several possible mechanisms based on laboratory observations and computational models.

These include:

Interactions with DNA or chromatin-associated structures

Changes in cellular oxidative stress responses

Modulation of selected signaling pathways

Effects on neuronal survival

Changes in synaptic morphology

However, no single validated receptor-mediated mechanism has been established that explains all reported effects.

Proposed Experimental Framework

Pinealon (EDR)

↓

Cellular Exposure

↓

Potential Molecular Interactions

↓

Changes in Selected Cellular Signaling or Gene-Associated Processes

↓

Measured Responses in Experimental Models

↓

Oxidative Stress / Cell Survival / Synaptic Morphology Endpoints

This framework represents research hypotheses and observations.

It should not be interpreted as a confirmed therapeutic pathway.

Pinealon and DNA Interaction Research

One of the more distinctive aspects of Pinealon research involves proposed interactions between short peptides and DNA.

Some investigators have used molecular modeling to examine whether EDR can interact with particular DNA sequences.

These studies explore possible hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.

Research Topics

Peptide–DNA binding

DNA minor-groove interaction models

Sequence-associated molecular recognition

Chromatin accessibility

Transcription-associated processes

Molecular docking

Gene expression regulation

However, computational docking does not demonstrate that Pinealon regulates the same genes in living human brain tissue.

Predicted molecular binding requires biochemical and cellular validation.

Pinealon and Histone Research

Histones are proteins involved in organizing DNA into chromatin.

Chromatin structure influences gene accessibility and transcription.

Short-peptide bioregulation research has proposed that some peptides may interact with chromatin-associated structures.

Pinealon has been investigated within this broader framework.

Potential Research Areas

Histone–peptide interactions

Chromatin organization

DNA accessibility

Transcriptional regulation

Nuclear localization

Peptide-mediated molecular recognition

However, a clinically meaningful epigenetic effect of Pinealon has not been demonstrated.

Claims that Pinealon directly reprograms human gene expression or reverses epigenetic aging are not established.

Pinealon and Neuronal Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress occurs when the production of reactive species exceeds cellular antioxidant defenses.

Neurons can be vulnerable to oxidative injury because of their metabolic demands and cellular characteristics.

Pinealon has been investigated in experimental systems involving oxidative stress.

Some studies reported reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species in selected cell models.

Experimental Endpoints

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Cell viability

Necrotic cell death

Oxidative damage

Cellular stress signaling

Antioxidant-associated responses

These findings suggest potential research relevance but do not establish clinical neuroprotection.

Pinealon and Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive oxygen species are chemically reactive molecules involved in both normal cellular signaling and oxidative damage.

Common examples include:

Superoxide

Hydrogen peroxide

Hydroxyl radicals

Pinealon has been investigated for its effects on ROS-associated measurements.

Some experimental studies reported changes in oxidative stress markers after exposure to the peptide.

However, these results depend on the model, conditions and measured endpoint.

A reduction in laboratory ROS measurements does not establish prevention of neurological disease.

Pinealon and Cellular Antioxidant Research

Cells contain multiple systems for regulating oxidative stress.

These include:

Superoxide dismutase

Catalase

Glutathione-associated enzymes

Redox-sensitive signaling pathways

DNA repair systems

Mitochondrial quality-control mechanisms

Pinealon-related research may examine whether exposure alters oxidative stress responses.

However, Pinealon has not been established as a clinically effective antioxidant treatment.

Its effects on individual antioxidant enzymes require direct experimental verification.

Pinealon and Neuronal Cell Survival

Neuronal survival depends on multiple cellular processes.

These include energy metabolism, calcium regulation, membrane integrity and responses to injury.

Pinealon has been investigated in selected neuronal cell models.

Some experiments reported improved cell viability or reduced cell death under specific stress conditions.

Research Areas

Cell viability

Necrotic cell death

Apoptosis-associated signaling

Oxidative injury

Stress-related protein activity

Neuronal morphology

Experimental injury models

These findings should be interpreted as preclinical observations.

They do not establish that Pinealon prevents neuronal loss in humans.

Pinealon and Apoptosis Research

Apoptosis is a regulated form of cell death.

It involves multiple signaling pathways and molecular regulators.

Important research markers include:

Caspase activity

Mitochondrial signaling

DNA fragmentation

Cell survival proteins

Stress-associated signaling pathways

Pinealon has been examined in research involving apoptosis-associated endpoints.

However, its effects are not sufficiently established to define it as a clinically validated anti-apoptotic treatment.

Pinealon and ERK1/2 Signaling

ERK1/2 proteins participate in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling network.

They are involved in cellular responses to extracellular signals.

Some Pinealon experiments have examined changes in ERK1/2-associated signaling.

Research Topics

ERK phosphorylation

Cell survival responses

Cell cycle-associated regulation

Stress signaling

Neuronal responses

Temporal signaling patterns

Changes in ERK1/2 activity may reflect complex cellular processes.

They should not automatically be interpreted as beneficial.

Pinealon and Synaptic Plasticity Research

Synaptic plasticity refers to changes in the strength and structure of connections between neurons.

It is important for learning and memory.

Researchers have investigated Pinealon in cellular models involving synaptic structure.

One experimental study examined the effects of EDR on dendritic spine morphology in cultured hippocampal neurons exposed to amyloid-related stress.

The investigators reported changes in the proportion of mature, mushroom-shaped dendritic spines.

Research Areas

Dendritic spine morphology

Synaptic structure

Hippocampal neuronal cultures

Amyloid-associated cellular stress

Neuronal connectivity

Structural plasticity

However, improvements in dendritic spine measurements do not establish improved memory in humans.

Pinealon and Dendritic Spine Research

Dendritic spines are small protrusions from neuronal dendrites.

Many excitatory synapses are located on these structures.

Spine morphology is associated with aspects of synaptic function.

Common Experimental Measurements

Spine density

Spine head size

Mushroom-shaped spine proportion

Thin spine proportion

Synaptic protein markers

Dendritic branching

Neuronal morphology

Pinealon has been studied using some of these structural endpoints.

The findings are relevant to experimental neurobiology but are not proof of clinical cognitive enhancement.

Pinealon and Hippocampal Research

The hippocampus participates in learning and memory.

It is also important in research involving synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration.

Pinealon has been investigated in hippocampal neuronal culture models.

Research Topics

Synaptic morphology

Amyloid-associated cellular stress

Dendritic spine changes

Neuronal survival

Plasticity-associated processes

Experimental neurodegeneration

However, effects in cultured hippocampal neurons cannot be directly extrapolated to whole-brain function.

Pinealon and Learning Research

Learning involves changes in neural activity and synaptic networks.

Some animal studies have investigated Pinealon in experimental models involving learning-related behavioral tasks.

For example, research involving offspring of rats exposed to prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia reported changes in learning and spatial orientation measures.

Important Limitation

These findings were obtained in a specific animal model.

They do not establish that Pinealon improves learning in healthy humans or people with cognitive disorders.

Pinealon and Memory Research

Pinealon is frequently discussed in connection with memory and cognitive performance.

However, the evidence requires careful interpretation.

Preclinical Research

Some animal experiments reported changes in learning-related outcomes.

Human Observations

Small clinical reports have described possible cognitive improvements.

However, study quality, control groups, independent replication and product-specific details remain important limitations.

Scientific Conclusion

Pinealon has not been established as an effective memory-enhancing treatment.

Claims of reliable improvements in recall, concentration or learning are not supported by strong clinical evidence.

Pinealon and Alzheimer's Disease Research

Alzheimer's disease involves complex pathological processes.

These include:

Amyloid-associated pathology

Tau-associated pathology

Synaptic dysfunction

Neuroinflammation

Oxidative stress

Neuronal loss

Network-level dysfunction

Pinealon has been investigated in selected experimental models relevant to Alzheimer's disease research.

Experimental Research Areas

Amyloid-associated neuronal stress

Synaptic structure

Dendritic spine morphology

Oxidative damage

Gene-associated molecular models

Cell survival

These findings remain preliminary.

Pinealon has not been demonstrated to prevent, slow or treat Alzheimer's disease in humans.

Pinealon and Amyloid-Associated Cellular Models

Amyloid-related experimental models are commonly used to investigate neuronal stress.

They can help researchers study changes in synaptic morphology and cellular signaling.

Pinealon has been evaluated in cultured neurons exposed to amyloid-associated conditions.

Some findings suggest changes in selected structural endpoints.

However, cell culture models cannot reproduce the full complexity of Alzheimer's disease.

A favorable laboratory result is not equivalent to clinical disease modification.

Pinealon and Neurodegeneration Research

Neurodegenerative diseases involve progressive changes in neuronal function and survival.

Pinealon-related research has explored cellular processes relevant to neurodegeneration.

Potential experimental areas include:

Oxidative stress

Neuronal apoptosis

Synaptic dysfunction

Cellular aging

Gene-associated regulation

Neuronal morphology

Stress-response pathways

However, Pinealon has not been established as an effective treatment for any neurodegenerative disease.

Pinealon and Parkinson's Disease Research

Parkinson's disease involves degeneration of specific neuronal populations and complex molecular pathology.

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are relevant research topics.

Because Pinealon has been investigated in oxidative stress models, it may be of exploratory interest in neurodegeneration research.

However, direct evidence establishing beneficial effects in Parkinson's disease is insufficient.

Pinealon should not be described as a proven Parkinson's disease treatment.

Pinealon and Brain Injury Research

Pinealon has been discussed in research involving brain injury and neurological recovery.

Some small human reports describe its use alongside other treatments.

However, these reports have important methodological limitations.

Research Questions

Does Pinealon alter neuronal stress responses?

Can it influence cell survival in injury models?

Are reported effects reproducible?

What are its pharmacokinetic properties?

Can any laboratory effect translate into a clinical outcome?

These questions remain unresolved.

Pinealon is not an established treatment for traumatic brain injury or stroke.

Pinealon and Cellular Aging Research

Cellular aging involves changes in gene expression, stress responses and tissue function.

Pinealon has been investigated in the context of experimental gerontology.

Research Areas

Age-associated neuronal changes

Cellular oxidative stress

Gene-associated regulation

Neuronal morphology

Cell survival

Stress adaptation

Neurobiological aging

However, no adequate human clinical evidence establishes that Pinealon slows biological aging or extends lifespan.

Pinealon and Senescence Research

Cellular senescence involves changes in cellular function that can occur in response to stress and aging.

Researchers study markers such as:

p16-associated signaling

DNA damage

Mitochondrial activity

Lysosomal activity

Cellular morphology

Inflammatory signaling

A 2024 study using induced cortical neurons derived from older human donors investigated several short peptides, including EDR.

Some measurements suggested changes in neuronal branching and oxidative DNA damage.

However, the same study did not demonstrate improvements across all tested aging-associated cellular endpoints.

These findings do not establish reversal of cellular aging.

Pinealon and DNA Damage Research

DNA damage can result from oxidative stress and other cellular processes.

Neurons require mechanisms for maintaining genomic integrity.

Pinealon-related studies have investigated oxidative DNA damage in selected experimental systems.

Research Topics

Oxidative DNA lesions

Cellular stress

DNA repair-associated pathways

Neuronal viability

Aging-associated molecular changes

These findings remain preclinical.

They do not establish that Pinealon prevents DNA damage in humans.

Pinealon and Mitochondrial Research

Mitochondria play important roles in cellular energy metabolism and signaling.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is relevant to neuronal stress and aging.

Pinealon has been included in experimental studies assessing neuronal cell health.

However, the evidence does not establish consistent improvements in mitochondrial function.

Research Areas

Mitochondrial activity

Cellular energy metabolism

Oxidative stress

Cell survival

Mitochondrial-associated signaling

Age-related neuronal biology

Pinealon should not be described as a proven mitochondrial enhancer.

Pinealon and Neuroinflammation Research

Neuroinflammation involves interactions among neurons, microglia, astrocytes and immune signaling molecules.

Oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling can interact in experimental neural injury models.

Pinealon has been investigated in some research involving inflammatory or stress-associated markers.

However, evidence for direct and reproducible anti-inflammatory activity in the human central nervous system remains insufficient.

Potential Research Endpoints

Inflammatory cytokines

Cellular stress responses

Neuronal viability

Glial signaling

Oxidative damage

Inflammation-associated gene expression

These are exploratory research topics, not established therapeutic benefits.

Pinealon and Sleep Research

Pinealon is sometimes promoted in connection with sleep, circadian rhythms and REM sleep.

However, strong clinical evidence supporting these claims is lacking.

Scientific Questions

Does EDR influence circadian gene expression?

Does it affect pineal gland signaling?

Does it alter melatonin-associated pathways?

Can it change sleep architecture?

Are any reported changes reproducible?

These questions require appropriately controlled studies.

Anecdotal reports of improved REM sleep do not establish efficacy.

Pinealon has not been clinically established as a treatment for insomnia or sleep disorders.

Pinealon and Melatonin Research

Melatonin is a hormone associated with circadian timing.

It is produced primarily by the pineal gland.

Pinealon and melatonin are distinct molecules.

Despite Pinealon's name, it should not automatically be assumed to increase melatonin production.

Research into gene-associated signaling does not establish a direct or clinically meaningful melatonin-enhancing effect.

Pinealon and Neuroplasticity Research

Neuroplasticity describes the nervous system's capacity to change in response to experience, activity and injury.

Pinealon has attracted interest because of findings involving neuronal morphology and synaptic structure.

Experimental Research Areas

Dendritic branching

Synaptic morphology

Neuronal connectivity

Cell survival

Plasticity-associated signaling

Stress-related neuronal responses

However, these observations do not establish that Pinealon enhances overall brain plasticity in humans.

Pinealon and Cognitive Aging Research

Cognitive aging involves changes in memory, attention and processing speed.

These changes vary substantially between individuals.

Pinealon has been investigated in experimental research related to neuronal aging.

Some small human observations have also been reported.

However, available clinical evidence is insufficient to establish a reliable effect on cognitive aging.

Pinealon should not be marketed as a clinically proven cognitive rejuvenation treatment.

Pinealon vs. Epitalon

Pinealon and Epitalon are distinct synthetic peptides associated with short-peptide bioregulation research.

Pinealon: Glu–Asp–Arg

Epitalon: Ala–Glu–Asp–Gly

Results involving Epitalon cannot be assumed to apply to Pinealon.

Pinealon vs. Cortexin

Cortexin is a complex polypeptide preparation.

Pinealon is a defined synthetic tripeptide.

Important Differences

Pinealon

A chemically defined molecule containing three amino acids.

Cortexin

A multi-component peptide preparation containing numerous molecular species.

Research involving Cortexin cannot automatically establish the activity of isolated Pinealon.

Similarly, safety or clinical observations involving Cortexin do not establish the safety of synthetic EDR.

Pinealon vs. Semax

Semax is a synthetic peptide investigated in neuropharmacological research.

It is structurally distinct from Pinealon.

The two peptides should not be treated as interchangeable.

Pinealon vs. Selank

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide investigated in neurobehavioral and pharmacological research.

Pinealon is a three-amino-acid peptide.

Main Differences

Pinealon: Primarily associated with cellular neurobiology, oxidative stress and short-peptide bioregulation research.

Selank: Primarily associated with experimental neurobehavioral and anxiety-related research.

Neither compound should be assigned the other's reported effects.

Pinealon vs. KPV

Pinealon and KPV are both tripeptides, but their sequences and research backgrounds differ.

Their equal peptide length does not imply similar biological activity.

Pinealon Human Clinical Research

The human evidence for Pinealon is limited.

Some publications discuss small clinical observations involving neurological symptoms or cognitive outcomes.

However, these reports require careful evaluation.

Major Limitations

Small sample sizes

Unclear or insufficient randomization

Limited placebo-controlled evidence

Potential co-interventions

Incomplete product characterization

Limited independent replication

Uncertain long-term safety

Limited pharmacokinetic data

The existence of a published human observation does not establish clinical efficacy.

Scientific Interpretation

Pinealon has not been adequately demonstrated to improve memory, prevent dementia, treat neurological injury or slow aging in humans.

Pinealon Safety Considerations

The safety profile of Pinealon has not been adequately established.

Unknown Long-Term Safety

There are insufficient controlled human data evaluating repeated exposure.

Unknown Pharmacokinetics

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination have not been fully characterized.

Uncertain Central Nervous System Exposure

Claims that Pinealon reliably crosses the human blood–brain barrier require direct pharmacokinetic evidence.

Potential Off-Target Effects

The compound's molecular targets are not conclusively established.

Uncertain Gene-Associated Effects

Proposed interactions with DNA or chromatin require further validation.

Product Quality Risks

Research products may contain impurities, incorrect peptide quantities or unverified formulation components.

Unknown Clinical Benefit

Claims involving cognition, sleep, neuroprotection and anti-aging are not supported by strong clinical evidence.

Research-Grade Limitations

Research-grade peptide preparations are not automatically sterile, pharmaceutical-grade or suitable for human administration.

Pinealon and Blood–Brain Barrier Research

The blood–brain barrier regulates movement of substances between the bloodstream and central nervous system.

Pinealon is a small peptide, but small molecular size alone does not establish effective brain penetration.

Transport depends on several factors, including:

Molecular polarity

Transporter interactions

Peptide degradation

Membrane permeability

Efflux mechanisms

Physiological conditions

Some cellular studies have examined intracellular localization.

However, nuclear localization in cultured cells is not equivalent to demonstrated blood–brain barrier penetration in humans.

Pinealon Research Quality and Analytical Characterization

Accurate molecular identification is essential for peptide research.

Important Specifications

Peptide sequence

Molecular identity

Terminal chemistry

Peptide purity

Peptide content

Counterion composition

Residual reagents

Impurity profile

Degradation products

Batch-specific documentation

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

HPLC can help evaluate peptide purity and chromatographic impurities.

The reported purity depends on the analytical method.

A high purity percentage does not establish biological efficacy or suitability for human administration.

Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

LC-MS can support molecular identity verification.

For Pinealon, the expected molecular mass should be consistent with the unmodified EDR peptide.

The presence of counterions or formulation components should be considered separately.

Peptide Content Analysis

Peptide content analysis helps distinguish the actual amount of peptide from the total mass of material.

This is important for products containing residual water or counterions.

Certificate of Analysis

A batch-specific COA should include appropriate identity and quality data.

Relevant information may include:

Batch number

Peptide identity

Analytical methods

Purity

Peptide content

Impurity profile

Counterion information

Stability-related documentation

A COA does not establish clinical safety or therapeutic efficacy.

Scientific Evidence and Research Limitations

Established Molecular Facts

• Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide.

• Its amino acid sequence is Glu–Asp–Arg.

• Its molecular formula is C₁₅H₂₆N₆O₈.

• Its molecular weight is approximately 418.40 g/mol.

• It has been investigated in neuronal and oxidative stress models.

• Some cell studies reported changes in ROS and cell survival.

• Animal studies have investigated learning-related outcomes.

• Molecular modeling has examined potential DNA interactions.

• Experimental research has examined synaptic morphology.

• Its precise molecular mechanism remains uncertain.

Important Limitations

• Human clinical efficacy is not established.

• Long-term human safety is unknown.

• No approved human therapeutic indication exists.

• Reliable cognitive enhancement has not been demonstrated.

• Alzheimer's disease prevention or treatment has not been established.

• Sleep and REM sleep benefits are unproven.

• Anti-aging and lifespan extension claims are unproven.

• Blood–brain barrier penetration in humans is not adequately established.

• Proposed gene-regulatory effects require further validation.

• Preclinical findings may not translate into clinical benefits.

Potential Pinealon Research Applications

Pinealon may be relevant to appropriately controlled laboratory investigations involving:

• Neuronal cell biology

• Oxidative stress

• Reactive oxygen species

• Experimental neuroprotection

• Cell viability

• Neuronal apoptosis

• ERK1/2 signaling

• DNA–peptide interaction models

• Chromatin-associated research

• Gene expression studies

• Molecular docking

• Hippocampal neuronal cultures

• Dendritic spine morphology

• Synaptic plasticity

• Experimental amyloid-associated stress

• Neuronal aging

• DNA damage

• Cellular senescence

• Mitochondrial activity

• Experimental learning models

• Neurodegeneration-related research

• Peptide stability

• Analytical peptide characterization

These are scientific research applications, not established therapeutic benefits.

Pinealon Research Overview

Compound Name: Pinealon

Alternative Names: EDR Peptide / Glu-Asp-Arg

Classification: Synthetic Linear Tripeptide

Peptide Length: 3 Amino Acids

Sequence: H-Glu-Asp-Arg-OH

One-Letter Sequence: EDR

Molecular Formula: C₁₅H₂₆N₆O₈

Molecular Weight: Approximately 418.40 g/mol

CAS Number: 175175-23-2

PubChem CID: 10273502

Principal Research Areas: Neuronal Oxidative Stress / Synaptic Biology / Peptide Bioregulation

Established Molecular Receptor: Not Identified

Human Clinical Efficacy: Not Established

Long-Term Human Safety: Unknown

Intended Use: Laboratory Research Only

ICAME Pharmacy Product Information

Product Name: Pinealon

Alternative Name: EDR Peptide

Brand: ICAME Pharmacy

Product Category: Research Peptide

Research Classification: Synthetic Tripeptide

Research Areas: Neurobiology / Oxidative Stress / Cellular Aging / Molecular Signaling

Intended Use: Laboratory Research & Development Only

Product identity and specifications should be verified using batch-specific analytical documentation.

Relevant quality information includes:

• Verified amino acid sequence

• Molecular identity

• Peptide purity

• Peptide content

• Counterion composition

• Impurity profile

• Analytical methodology

• Certificate of Analysis (COA)

• Batch or lot identification

• Validated stability and storage conditions

No claims of pharmaceutical quality, sterility, injectable suitability or clinical efficacy should be made without appropriate supporting documentation.

Important Research Use Notice

FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY (RUO)

This ICAME Pharmacy product is intended exclusively for legitimate laboratory, analytical and scientific research purposes.

Not for human or veterinary use. Not for diagnostic, therapeutic, cognitive enhancement, sleep improvement, anti-aging, neurodegenerative disease treatment or other clinical purposes. Not for direct administration to humans or animals.

Pinealon is an experimental tripeptide investigated in preclinical models of neuronal stress and cellular signaling.

Its precise mechanism, human pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and long-term safety have not been adequately established.

Experimental findings involving neuronal viability, synaptic morphology or oxidative stress do not establish treatment benefits for neurological diseases.

Information presented on this page is intended solely for scientific and educational purposes and does not constitute medical advice, prescribing information, dosage guidance or instructions for human use.

About ICAME Pharmacy

ICAME Pharmacy provides specialized research products for professional laboratory and scientific applications.

Our portfolio focuses on compounds relevant to peptide science, molecular signaling, neurobiology, cellular stress research and analytical chemistry.

We emphasize accurate product identification, responsible research use, scientific transparency and clear communication of evidence limitations.

For batch-specific analytical documentation and product inquiries, please contact ICAME Pharmacy.

Frequently Asked Questions About Pinealon

What is Pinealon?

Pinealon is a synthetic three-amino-acid peptide investigated in neuronal cell biology, oxidative stress and experimental peptide bioregulation.

Is Pinealon the same as EDR peptide?

Yes. Pinealon and EDR peptide refer to the Glu–Asp–Arg tripeptide.

How many amino acids does Pinealon contain?

Three amino acids.

What is the Pinealon amino acid sequence?

Glu–Asp–Arg, abbreviated EDR.

What is the molecular formula of Pinealon?

C₁₅H₂₆N₆O₈.

What is the molecular weight of Pinealon?

Approximately 418.40 g/mol.

What is the CAS number of Pinealon?

175175-23-2.

Is Pinealon a cyclic peptide?

No. Standard Pinealon is a linear tripeptide.

What is the mechanism of action of Pinealon?

Its precise mechanism has not been conclusively established. Research has examined possible DNA interactions, oxidative stress responses and neuronal signaling.

Does Pinealon cross the blood–brain barrier?

Reliable human pharmacokinetic evidence establishing blood–brain barrier penetration is lacking.

Has Pinealon been studied in neurons?

Yes. Several laboratory studies have investigated Pinealon in neuronal cell models.

Does Pinealon reduce oxidative stress?

Some experimental studies reported changes in oxidative stress markers, but human clinical benefits have not been established.

Does Pinealon improve memory?

Adequate controlled human clinical evidence does not establish Pinealon as an effective memory enhancer.

Does Pinealon treat Alzheimer's disease?

No. Pinealon has not been established as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease.

Does Pinealon improve REM sleep?

Reliable controlled clinical evidence supporting REM sleep benefits is lacking.

Is Pinealon an anti-aging peptide?

Pinealon has been investigated in aging-related experimental research, but human anti-aging benefits have not been demonstrated.

Is Pinealon the same as Epitalon?

No. Pinealon is EDR, while Epitalon is AEDG.

Is Pinealon the same as Cortexin?

No. Pinealon is a defined synthetic tripeptide, while Cortexin is a complex polypeptide preparation.

Is Pinealon approved by the FDA?

No. Pinealon is not an FDA-approved human therapeutic drug.

Is Pinealon safe for human use?

Its human safety has not been adequately established.

Is ICAME Pharmacy Pinealon intended for human use?

No. ICAME Pharmacy Pinealon is intended strictly for laboratory research and development purposes.